President Biden will make his case for more than $4 trillion in spending on infrastructure and improved social safety net spending in a speech in Cleveland on Thursday, even as he continues sparring with Republicans in Washington over his proposals.

Mr. Biden is scheduled to tour the Cuyahoga Community College Manufacturing Technology Center in Cleveland and then deliver remarks on the economy at the college’s Metropolitan Campus. Aides said he will use the moment to pitch his $2.3 trillion American Jobs Plan and his $1.8 trillion American Families Plan.

“He’s going to talk about why now is the right moment,” Karine Jean-Pierre, the deputy White House press secretary, said Wednesday. She said Mr. Biden will talk about the need to make “historic generational investments in the foundation of our economy’s strength through the Jobs Plan and the Families Plan.”

On Friday, the president is expected to release a $6 trillion budget for the fiscal year 2022 that envisions large deficits throughout the next decade. In Ohio, Mr. Biden is also expected to argue that his administration has already begun to improve the nation’s economic health and output.

“He’ll talk about how far we’ve come as a country,” Ms. Jean-Pierre said, “because of the actions we’ve taken over the last four months turning the tide on the pandemic, creating 500,000 new jobs each month on average, cutting unemployment claims by more than a third, raising wages.”

The argument about the impact of Mr. Biden’s policies on the economy is at the center of the fierce debate in Washington over the president’s proposals. Republicans argue that the president’s agenda is weakening the recovery and will hurt businesses by increasing taxes on businesses and high earners.

A group of Republicans released a counterproposal to Mr. Biden’s infrastructure plan on Thursday that includes $928 billion in spending, with little new funding outside of core programs. The White House has said it is open to negotiations but would wait to see the details of the Republican proposal.